Which motivational theory presents a hierarchy that includes physiological needs and self-actualization?

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs is a motivational theory that categorizes human needs into a five-tier model, often represented as a pyramid. At the base of the pyramid are physiological needs, which include basic requirements for human survival such as food, water, warmth, and rest. As individuals satisfy lower-level needs, they become motivated to pursue higher-level needs, culminating in self-actualization at the top of the hierarchy. Self-actualization refers to the realization of personal potential, self-fulfillment, and personal growth, which is achieved after more fundamental needs are met.

This theory emphasizes that individuals are motivated to fulfill their needs in a specific order, moving from the most basic (physiological) to more complex needs (like safety, social belonging, esteem, and ultimately self-actualization). The structured approach of this hierarchy helps in understanding how different needs influence motivation and behavior, making it a fundamental concept in psychology and leadership practices.

The other options represent different theories of motivation that do not follow this hierarchical structure. For example, Herzberg's Motivation-Hygiene Theory focuses on job satisfaction and dissatisfaction, Alderfer's ERG Theory condenses Maslow's levels into three categories but does not intrinsically promote a hierarchy, while